Diabetic Nephropathy- Recent Trends and Future Prospective in its Management

Abstract

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a non-communicable metabolic disease which is characterized with reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), protein- urea, and persistent albuminuria. Currently one-third patient with diabetes develop nephropathy making early diagnosis critical in preventing end stage renal failure. Persistent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidaemia involves in various inflammatory and oxidative pathways and protein deposition in extracellular matrix of the nephron with albumin leakage. No significant therapy is currently available in treatment of patients with nephropathy except for fewer agents like RAAS blockers, thiazolidinediones, statins, and fibric acid derivatives are being utilized. This review discussed various presently employed and recently developed therapeutic targets to treat diabetic nephropathy and to improve the function of diabetic kidney. The involvement of autophagy and Nrf2 activators in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy has been currently under intense investigation